"Babykins" is a Rottie-mix that spent the first year of her life on a ten-foot chain. When we first rescued her, we bought her into the home where she got along with our two little housedogs. This lasted about three months until one day one of the little house dogs got jealous and snapped at her. Although "Babykins" didnt start the fight, it was clear from her reaction that her intent was not only to defend herself but to also kill the little dog in the process. "Babykins" gabbed the little dog by the neck and began to shake her like a ragdoll and would not heed our commands to let go. This could be due to the fact that "Babykins" has no training and for this reason she will need a special home with no other dogs or young children and with someone who is either experienced in training dogs of this kind or who will pay to have her professionally trained.
Although almost 2 years old now, "Babykins" is still full of energy and still has the playfulness of a pup. She loves to chase a ball and to play tug-of-war with an old sock. She is highly intelligent, good in the house when left alone, and loves everyone she meets but yet is still a good watchdog.
We think that "Babykins" will make a great companion if just the right home can be found. Rescue is closing due to ill health of owner and "Baby" will have to be euthanized if just the right home isnt found soon. Call Chris (518) 753-7791 if interested.
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
INFLUENZA, CANINE - USA: (TEXAS)
********************************
A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
Date: 17 Sep 2011
Source: My San Antonio.com [edited]
20 confirmed cases of canine influenza and 70 suspected cases have
been recorded in San Antonio dogs within the past 30 days, according
to a local veterinarian.
The disease, also known as dog flu, has also been reported in Austin
and Dallas, said Dr. Michele Wright, who helped identify the virus at
a local clinic.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Texas is
one of 38 states where dogs have been exposed to the H3N8 virus.
The 1st San Antonio case originated with 2 dogs that stopped at dog
day care centers and parks, both community sites where dogs could have
contracted the disease, Wright said.
Signs include a fever, runny nose and coughing, but some dogs infected
with the virus do not show symptoms. The virus is not transmitted to
humans, cats or other species. Wright said dogs shed, or transmit, the
virus through secretions that expose it to the environment.
"What's scary for me as a veterinarian is they can act and look
healthy and still be shedding the virus," Wright said.
Two tests can confirm the virus. The vaccine is available at
veterinarian offices.
According to the CDC, the virus was 1st detected in 2004 in
greyhounds. Scientists believe it jumped species from horses to dogs
and adapted to cause sickness and spread among dogs.
Wright said because many local dogs haven't been vaccinated, close to
100 percent would get the virus if exposed. 20 percent would transmit
it but not appear sick. 72 percent would show mild signs of coughing
that could linger for 2 to 3 weeks, and 8 percent could develop
pneumonia that could be life threatening.
Animal Care Services director Gary Hendel said ACS has not confirmed
any cases of canine influenza in the shelter. "It's a situation that
bears watching," Hendel said. "Should that situation change, we will
work with our local veterinary community to identify solutions to
prevent widespread outbreak."
Wright suggested that pet owners vaccinate their dogs; limit visits to
communal areas to prevent exposure, and keep dogs away from
contaminated areas for a month after immunization, to build up
immunity. "I think if we can get people vaccinating, we'll be able to
contain the virus," Wright said. "The hard thing is getting people to
vaccinate in areas that haven't seen it yet."
Dog flu is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by a
specific Type A influenza virus known as canine influenza virus. It is
not a human influenza virus, and people cannot get it.
The virus can be spread to other dogs by direct contact with
respiratory secretions from infected dogs, by contact with
contaminated objects, and by people moving between infected and
uninfected dogs. Nearly all dogs are susceptible to infection, but
most will have a mild form of the disease.
Clinical signs are cough, runny nose and fever; a small proportion of
dogs can develop severe disease, characterized by the onset of
pneumonia. Testing to confirm flu virus infection is done at
veterinary centers. An approved vaccine is available.
[Byline: Vincent T. Davis]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
[Canine influenza is a type A orthomyxovirus. It mimics "kennel cough"
or _Bordetella brochiseptica_/parainfluenza virus complex, which
sounds like a hacking cough that does not seem to stop. The cough with
canine influenza can be either moist or dry, and about 20 percent of
infected dogs may show little or no clinical signs but still be
shedding virus. Canine influenza is contagious by aerosolized droplets
and contaminated fomites (inanimate objects) that the dog can contact.
People can transmit the disease to their pets.
Unfortunately, treatment is non-specific but generally supportive. It
is important to get treatment early to reduce the death rate.
For a brief fact sheet on canine influenza, see the Washington State
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington Animal Disease
Diagnostic Laboratory (WADDL) website at
. There is
also an information sheet available on the University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine website at
.
- Mod.TG]
[see also:
2009
----
Influenza, canine - USA (03): (VA) 20091024.3676
Influenza, canine - USA (02): H3N8 20090820.2945
Influenza, canine - USA: (NJ) 20090704.2405
2007
----
Influenza, canine - USA (PA): corr. 20070802.2495
Influenza, canine - USA (PA) 20070801.2482
Influenza, canine - USA (Multistate) 20070208.0502
2006
----
Influenza, canine - USA (FL) 20060620.1703
Influenza, canine - USA (WY) 20060503.1279
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate) 20060325.0921
2005
----
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate)(03) 20051002.2883
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate)(02) 20050925.2830
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate) 20050923.2811
2004
----
Equine influenza, canines - USA (FL) 20040801.2099]
.................................................sb/tg/msp/dk
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that
are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the
information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in
using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID
and its associated service providers shall not be held
responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any
damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted
or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:
************************************************************
Visit ProMED-mail's web site at.
Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to
an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name
name and affiliation, it may not be posted. You may unsub-
scribe at.
For assistance from a human being, send mail to:
.
############################################################
############################################################
A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
Date: 17 Sep 2011
Source: My San Antonio.com [edited]
20 confirmed cases of canine influenza and 70 suspected cases have
been recorded in San Antonio dogs within the past 30 days, according
to a local veterinarian.
The disease, also known as dog flu, has also been reported in Austin
and Dallas, said Dr. Michele Wright, who helped identify the virus at
a local clinic.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Texas is
one of 38 states where dogs have been exposed to the H3N8 virus.
The 1st San Antonio case originated with 2 dogs that stopped at dog
day care centers and parks, both community sites where dogs could have
contracted the disease, Wright said.
Signs include a fever, runny nose and coughing, but some dogs infected
with the virus do not show symptoms. The virus is not transmitted to
humans, cats or other species. Wright said dogs shed, or transmit, the
virus through secretions that expose it to the environment.
"What's scary for me as a veterinarian is they can act and look
healthy and still be shedding the virus," Wright said.
Two tests can confirm the virus. The vaccine is available at
veterinarian offices.
According to the CDC, the virus was 1st detected in 2004 in
greyhounds. Scientists believe it jumped species from horses to dogs
and adapted to cause sickness and spread among dogs.
Wright said because many local dogs haven't been vaccinated, close to
100 percent would get the virus if exposed. 20 percent would transmit
it but not appear sick. 72 percent would show mild signs of coughing
that could linger for 2 to 3 weeks, and 8 percent could develop
pneumonia that could be life threatening.
Animal Care Services director Gary Hendel said ACS has not confirmed
any cases of canine influenza in the shelter. "It's a situation that
bears watching," Hendel said. "Should that situation change, we will
work with our local veterinary community to identify solutions to
prevent widespread outbreak."
Wright suggested that pet owners vaccinate their dogs; limit visits to
communal areas to prevent exposure, and keep dogs away from
contaminated areas for a month after immunization, to build up
immunity. "I think if we can get people vaccinating, we'll be able to
contain the virus," Wright said. "The hard thing is getting people to
vaccinate in areas that haven't seen it yet."
Dog flu is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by a
specific Type A influenza virus known as canine influenza virus. It is
not a human influenza virus, and people cannot get it.
The virus can be spread to other dogs by direct contact with
respiratory secretions from infected dogs, by contact with
contaminated objects, and by people moving between infected and
uninfected dogs. Nearly all dogs are susceptible to infection, but
most will have a mild form of the disease.
Clinical signs are cough, runny nose and fever; a small proportion of
dogs can develop severe disease, characterized by the onset of
pneumonia. Testing to confirm flu virus infection is done at
veterinary centers. An approved vaccine is available.
[Byline: Vincent T. Davis
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts
[Canine influenza is a type A orthomyxovirus. It mimics "kennel cough"
or _Bordetella brochiseptica_/parainfluenza virus complex, which
sounds like a hacking cough that does not seem to stop. The cough with
canine influenza can be either moist or dry, and about 20 percent of
infected dogs may show little or no clinical signs but still be
shedding virus. Canine influenza is contagious by aerosolized droplets
and contaminated fomites (inanimate objects) that the dog can contact.
People can transmit the disease to their pets.
Unfortunately, treatment is non-specific but generally supportive. It
is important to get treatment early to reduce the death rate.
For a brief fact sheet on canine influenza, see the Washington State
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington Animal Disease
Diagnostic Laboratory (WADDL) website at
also an information sheet available on the University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine website at
- Mod.TG]
[see also:
2009
----
Influenza, canine - USA (03): (VA) 20091024.3676
Influenza, canine - USA (02): H3N8 20090820.2945
Influenza, canine - USA: (NJ) 20090704.2405
2007
----
Influenza, canine - USA (PA): corr. 20070802.2495
Influenza, canine - USA (PA) 20070801.2482
Influenza, canine - USA (Multistate) 20070208.0502
2006
----
Influenza, canine - USA (FL) 20060620.1703
Influenza, canine - USA (WY) 20060503.1279
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate) 20060325.0921
2005
----
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate)(03) 20051002.2883
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate)(02) 20050925.2830
Influenza, canine - USA (multistate) 20050923.2811
2004
----
Equine influenza, canines - USA (FL) 20040801.2099]
.................................................sb/tg/msp/dk
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that
are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the
information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in
using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID
and its associated service providers shall not be held
responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any
damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted
or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:
************************************************************
Visit ProMED-mail's web site at
Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to
an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name
name and affiliation, it may not be posted. You may unsub-
scribe at
For assistance from a human being, send mail to:
############################################################
############################################################
Monday, July 25, 2011
Sunday, July 3, 2011
EXXON MOBILE ruptured pipeline sends oil coursing down Yellowstone River; ALSO: Montana & Yellowstone Earthquakes
Subject: EXXON MOBILE ruptured pipeline sends oil coursing down Yellowstone River; ALSO: Montana & Yellowstone Earthquakes
Statement by ExxonMobil Pipeline Company Regarding Crude Oil Release into Yellowstone River in Montana -- The release originated from a 12" crude pipeline operated by EMPCo that runs from Silver Tip, MT to Billings, MT. The pipeline has been shutdown and the segment where the release occurred has been isolated. All appropriate state and federal authorities have been alerted. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/statement-by-exxonmobil-pipeline-company-regarding-crude-oil-release-into-yellowstone-river-in-montana-2011-07-02
Ruptured pipeline sends oil coursing down the Yellowstone River http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/article_6a8f2313-4279-542c-95c7-92f04639003f.html
Story/ article here with video; http://www.ktvq.com/news/laurel-residents-evacuate-after-oil-pipeline-break
Here is another link with pictures of Yellowstone oil spill;
http://www.ktvq.com/galleries/yellowstone-river-oil-spill/
Exxon oil spill in Mont. river prompts evacuations http://www.topix.com/business/energy/2011/07/exxon-oil-spill-in-mont-river-prompts-evacuations
An ExxonMobil pipeline that runs under the Yellowstone River near Billings in south-central Montana ruptured and dumped an unknown amount of oil into the waterway, prompting temporary evacuations along the river Saturday morning. Full story: WXIX-TV Cincinnati
http://www.fox19.com/story/15017587/exxon-oil-spill-in-mont-river-prompts-evacuations
An ExxonMobil pipeline that runs under the Yellowstone River near Billings in south-central Montana ruptured and dumped an unknown amount of oil into the waterway, prompting temporary evacuations along the river Saturday morning.___________________________________________not sure if related -- Map;
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Maps/US10/42.52.-115.-105.php
MAG UTC DATE-TIME
y/m/d h:m:s LAT
deg LON
deg DEPTH
km LOCATION
MAP3.5 2011/07/01 22:03:0648.105-108.3115.419 km ( 11 mi) ENE of Lodge Pole, MT
MAP1.7 2011/07/01 02:11:1847.459-112.73727.026 km ( 16 mi) W of Augusta, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/30 14:08:0444.815-111.8024.651 km ( 31 mi) NW of Island Park, ID
MAP1.2 2011/06/30 09:49:3544.612-110.3942.154 km ( 33 mi) SSE of Gardiner, MT
MAP1.1 2011/06/30 07:00:1445.180-111.43417.315 km ( 9 mi) SW of Big Sky, MT
MAP2.2 2011/06/29 11:44:0144.015-114.46613.428 km ( 17 mi) S of Clayton, ID
MAP1.0 2011/06/29 04:59:4744.653-110.4291.648 km ( 30 mi) SSE of Gardiner, MT
MAP1.7 2011/06/28 23:01:3346.038-111.4159.315 km ( 9 mi) S of Toston, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/28 18:09:0546.093-111.8999.423 km ( 15 mi) SE of Boulder, MT
MAP1.4 2011/06/27 18:19:1946.341-111.3705.612 km ( 7 mi) E of Townsend, MT
MAP1.4 2011/06/26 20:32:0344.508-110.1881.460 km ( 37 mi) SSW of Cooke City-Silver Gate, MT
MAP1.1 2011/06/26 17:59:2847.036-112.1953.437 km ( 23 mi) NNW of Helena Valley Northwest, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 13:14:1244.564-110.7512.430 km ( 19 mi) ESE of West Yellowstone, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 11:43:1544.801-111.9685.551 km ( 32 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.9 2011/06/26 11:43:1544.789-111.97112.750 km ( 31 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.5 2011/06/26 10:02:1344.364-110.8195.340 km ( 25 mi) SE of West Yellowstone, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 09:11:1444.616-112.10114.229 km ( 18 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.4 2011/06/26 05:32:0947.709-113.80912.720 km ( 13 mi) ENE of Turtle Lake, MT
Statement by ExxonMobil Pipeline Company Regarding Crude Oil Release into Yellowstone River in Montana -- The release originated from a 12" crude pipeline operated by EMPCo that runs from Silver Tip, MT to Billings, MT. The pipeline has been shutdown and the segment where the release occurred has been isolated. All appropriate state and federal authorities have been alerted. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/statement-by-exxonmobil-pipeline-company-regarding-crude-oil-release-into-yellowstone-river-in-montana-2011-07-02
Ruptured pipeline sends oil coursing down the Yellowstone River http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/article_6a8f2313-4279-542c-95c7-92f04639003f.html
Story/ article here with video; http://www.ktvq.com/news/laurel-residents-evacuate-after-oil-pipeline-break
Here is another link with pictures of Yellowstone oil spill;
http://www.ktvq.com/galleries/yellowstone-river-oil-spill/
Exxon oil spill in Mont. river prompts evacuations http://www.topix.com/business/energy/2011/07/exxon-oil-spill-in-mont-river-prompts-evacuations
An ExxonMobil pipeline that runs under the Yellowstone River near Billings in south-central Montana ruptured and dumped an unknown amount of oil into the waterway, prompting temporary evacuations along the river Saturday morning. Full story: WXIX-TV Cincinnati
http://www.fox19.com/story/15017587/exxon-oil-spill-in-mont-river-prompts-evacuations
An ExxonMobil pipeline that runs under the Yellowstone River near Billings in south-central Montana ruptured and dumped an unknown amount of oil into the waterway, prompting temporary evacuations along the river Saturday morning.___________________________________________not sure if related -- Map;
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Maps/US10/42.52.-115.-105.php
MAG UTC DATE-TIME
y/m/d h:m:s LAT
deg LON
deg DEPTH
km LOCATION
MAP3.5 2011/07/01 22:03:0648.105-108.3115.419 km ( 11 mi) ENE of Lodge Pole, MT
MAP1.7 2011/07/01 02:11:1847.459-112.73727.026 km ( 16 mi) W of Augusta, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/30 14:08:0444.815-111.8024.651 km ( 31 mi) NW of Island Park, ID
MAP1.2 2011/06/30 09:49:3544.612-110.3942.154 km ( 33 mi) SSE of Gardiner, MT
MAP1.1 2011/06/30 07:00:1445.180-111.43417.315 km ( 9 mi) SW of Big Sky, MT
MAP2.2 2011/06/29 11:44:0144.015-114.46613.428 km ( 17 mi) S of Clayton, ID
MAP1.0 2011/06/29 04:59:4744.653-110.4291.648 km ( 30 mi) SSE of Gardiner, MT
MAP1.7 2011/06/28 23:01:3346.038-111.4159.315 km ( 9 mi) S of Toston, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/28 18:09:0546.093-111.8999.423 km ( 15 mi) SE of Boulder, MT
MAP1.4 2011/06/27 18:19:1946.341-111.3705.612 km ( 7 mi) E of Townsend, MT
MAP1.4 2011/06/26 20:32:0344.508-110.1881.460 km ( 37 mi) SSW of Cooke City-Silver Gate, MT
MAP1.1 2011/06/26 17:59:2847.036-112.1953.437 km ( 23 mi) NNW of Helena Valley Northwest, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 13:14:1244.564-110.7512.430 km ( 19 mi) ESE of West Yellowstone, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 11:43:1544.801-111.9685.551 km ( 32 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.9 2011/06/26 11:43:1544.789-111.97112.750 km ( 31 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.5 2011/06/26 10:02:1344.364-110.8195.340 km ( 25 mi) SE of West Yellowstone, MT
MAP1.0 2011/06/26 09:11:1444.616-112.10114.229 km ( 18 mi) NNE of Spencer, ID
MAP1.4 2011/06/26 05:32:0947.709-113.80912.720 km ( 13 mi) ENE of Turtle Lake, MT
Thursday, June 30, 2011
Tazmanian Devil Tumor-Disease UpdATE
DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR, TASMANIAN DEVIL - AUSTRALIA: (TASMANIA) UPDATE
******************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
Date: Mon 27 Jun 2011
Source: New Scientist [edited]
Despite its ferocious nature, the Tasmanian devil is a creature faced
with extinction, the victim of a gruesome facial tumor disease. Now
the 1st genetic sequencing of these carnivorous marsupials has
revealed that we had a hand in their decline: centuries of human
interference left the devils stripped of genetic diversity and
vulnerable to disease.
This meant that when the parasitic face cancer dubbed "devil facial
tumor disease" appeared in 1996 it rapidly spread through the entire
population. As a result, the Tasmanian devil, or _Sarcophilus
harrisii_, population has fallen over 60 per cent since 1996.
The disease is transmitted by physical contact, mostly biting during
sex. It is almost always fatal and has spread across most of
Tasmania.
Due to the species' sharp decline, the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classed it as endangered. Some
studies estimate the marsupials could be wiped out within decades.
Marsupial sequencing
--------------------
To find out why they cannot fight the cancer, Stephan Schuster of
Pennsylvania State University in University Park and colleagues
sequenced the genomes of 2 Tasmanian devils, the 1st Australian
marsupials to be sequenced.
Schuster chose animals from opposite ends of the island, which should
have been as genetically distinct as devils get. But he found they
were pretty similar: their genomes only differed at 915 000 sites. A
similar comparison showed that 2 humans from China and Japan differ at
3 257 000 sites, says Schuster.
Genetic analysis of a further 175 wild animals and 7 museum specimens
showed that devils have had a low genetic diversity for over 100
years.
Humans had a heavy hand in this. First the devils were wiped out in
mainland Australia by dingoes brought in by settlers, then those that
remained in Tasmania were hunted as pests, causing several population
crashes. As their genetic diversity was slashed, the devils were left
vulnerable to disease.
This is clearly at the root of their problems, says Katherine Belov
of the University of Sydney, Australia. "Devils are essentially
immunological clones, so tumors pass between them without triggering
an immune response," she says.
The Australian and Tasmanian governments have set up a conservation
programme, capturing disease-free devils to establish an "insurance
population". Housed at sites like the Devil Ark in Somersby, New South
Wales, these devils could re-populate Tasmania if the wild population
is wiped out.
Missing diversity
-----------------
But Schuster says the captive population is missing some of the wild
population's diversity, such as it is. He found 7 subtly distinct
populations on the island and says individuals from each must be
included. But as nobody has genotyped the captive population we don't
know what is missing. Based on partial information on where the
individuals were collected, Schuster suspects the captive genotype is
not as diverse as it could be.
Having a large genetic diversity is essential for any captive
breeding programme, agrees Craig Hilton-Taylor of the IUCN, based in
Cambridge, UK. Schuster says conservationists need to look at genetic
diversity when they assess a species' wellbeing. He points out that
before the facial tumour disease appeared, the IUCN considered devils
to be of "least concern" because their population and habitat were
reasonably large. In fact they were genetic sitting ducks, says
Schuster.
The IUCN doesn't require its scientists to do genetic testing on
species they are assessing, although the information is used if they
do. Hilton-Taylor agrees the information can be invaluable, but says
systematic testing would be difficult and expensive.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102838108 [abstract available at
].
[Byline: Michael Marshall]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
[This article does not mention if there were any sequences of
Tasmanian devils in some other zoo in the world that might lend
genetic diversity or be a tumor free source of genetic material. But I
cannot remember if the Tasmanian devil has ever been sent to other
zoos - Mod.TG]
[Photos of Tasmanian devils can be seen at
.
Facial tumor at:
Tasmania can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map
of Australia at. - Sr.Tech.Ed.MJ]
[see also:
2010
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TS) 20100102.0019
2008
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia: (TAS) 20080718.2174
2007
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) (02) 20071004.3289
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) 20070218.0616
2006
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) (02) 20061024.3051
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) 20060201.0328]
.................................................sb/tg/mj/jw
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that
are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the
information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in
using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID
and its associated service providers shall not be held
responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any
damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted
or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:
************************************************************
Visit ProMED-mail's web site at.
Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to
an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name
name and affiliation, it may not be posted. You may unsub-
scribe at.
For assistance from a human being, send mail to:
.
############################################################
############################################################
******************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
Date: Mon 27 Jun 2011
Source: New Scientist [edited]
Despite its ferocious nature, the Tasmanian devil is a creature faced
with extinction, the victim of a gruesome facial tumor disease. Now
the 1st genetic sequencing of these carnivorous marsupials has
revealed that we had a hand in their decline: centuries of human
interference left the devils stripped of genetic diversity and
vulnerable to disease.
This meant that when the parasitic face cancer dubbed "devil facial
tumor disease" appeared in 1996 it rapidly spread through the entire
population. As a result, the Tasmanian devil, or _Sarcophilus
harrisii_, population has fallen over 60 per cent since 1996.
The disease is transmitted by physical contact, mostly biting during
sex. It is almost always fatal and has spread across most of
Tasmania.
Due to the species' sharp decline, the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classed it as endangered. Some
studies estimate the marsupials could be wiped out within decades.
Marsupial sequencing
--------------------
To find out why they cannot fight the cancer, Stephan Schuster of
Pennsylvania State University in University Park and colleagues
sequenced the genomes of 2 Tasmanian devils, the 1st Australian
marsupials to be sequenced.
Schuster chose animals from opposite ends of the island, which should
have been as genetically distinct as devils get. But he found they
were pretty similar: their genomes only differed at 915 000 sites. A
similar comparison showed that 2 humans from China and Japan differ at
3 257 000 sites, says Schuster.
Genetic analysis of a further 175 wild animals and 7 museum specimens
showed that devils have had a low genetic diversity for over 100
years.
Humans had a heavy hand in this. First the devils were wiped out in
mainland Australia by dingoes brought in by settlers, then those that
remained in Tasmania were hunted as pests, causing several population
crashes. As their genetic diversity was slashed, the devils were left
vulnerable to disease.
This is clearly at the root of their problems, says Katherine Belov
of the University of Sydney, Australia. "Devils are essentially
immunological clones, so tumors pass between them without triggering
an immune response," she says.
The Australian and Tasmanian governments have set up a conservation
programme, capturing disease-free devils to establish an "insurance
population". Housed at sites like the Devil Ark in Somersby, New South
Wales, these devils could re-populate Tasmania if the wild population
is wiped out.
Missing diversity
-----------------
But Schuster says the captive population is missing some of the wild
population's diversity, such as it is. He found 7 subtly distinct
populations on the island and says individuals from each must be
included. But as nobody has genotyped the captive population we don't
know what is missing. Based on partial information on where the
individuals were collected, Schuster suspects the captive genotype is
not as diverse as it could be.
Having a large genetic diversity is essential for any captive
breeding programme, agrees Craig Hilton-Taylor of the IUCN, based in
Cambridge, UK. Schuster says conservationists need to look at genetic
diversity when they assess a species' wellbeing. He points out that
before the facial tumour disease appeared, the IUCN considered devils
to be of "least concern" because their population and habitat were
reasonably large. In fact they were genetic sitting ducks, says
Schuster.
The IUCN doesn't require its scientists to do genetic testing on
species they are assessing, although the information is used if they
do. Hilton-Taylor agrees the information can be invaluable, but says
systematic testing would be difficult and expensive.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102838108 [abstract available at
[Byline: Michael Marshall]
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
[This article does not mention if there were any sequences of
Tasmanian devils in some other zoo in the world that might lend
genetic diversity or be a tumor free source of genetic material. But I
cannot remember if the Tasmanian devil has ever been sent to other
zoos - Mod.TG]
[Photos of Tasmanian devils can be seen at
Facial tumor at:
Tasmania can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map
of Australia at
[see also:
2010
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TS) 20100102.0019
2008
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia: (TAS) 20080718.2174
2007
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) (02) 20071004.3289
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) 20070218.0616
2006
----
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) (02) 20061024.3051
Devil facial tumor disease - Australia (TAS) 20060201.0328]
.................................................sb/tg/mj/jw
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Wednesday, May 4, 2011
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